Number describing degrees in an arc. A 360 represents one full
turn through an axis. A 360 turn, for example, is a flat turn
where the aircraft does not roll its wings but rather just 'slides'
through 360 degrees turning on rudder only.
3D
Term describing a type of flight pattern, which is characterized
by the performance of very specialized aerobatic manuevers below
the model's normal stall speed. Examples include torque rolls,
'walk in the park', harriers, hangers, etc.
3F
Slang abbreviation for flip flop flying. Similar to 3D, but
without the finesse.
ABC
Aluminum-Brass-Chrome. The components used in the production
of non-ringed engines. These engines use an aluminum piston,
and a chrome or nickel plated brass sleeve. The engine is harder
to turn over and start due to the tight fit between the piston
and cylinder. This tight fit is what makes the engine more efficient,
and powerful. ABC engines must be run in for best performance.
ABL
Advanced Bimetallic Liner. Specialized form of ABN. Instead
of a single-step, single-material plating, the ABL Plating process
is based on a layered approach made possible by two OS-developed
hard-nickel alloys. The first alloy is used as the bottom (bonding)
layer, to fuse the top layer to the brass liner. The second alloy,
developed for superior hardness, forms the top layer. Together,
they create a barrier that protects the liner against excessive
heat and wear.
ABN
Aluminum-Brass-Nickel. The components used in the production
of non-ringed engines. These engines use an aluminum piston,
and a nickel plated brass sleeve. The engine is harder to turn
over and start due to the tight fit between the piston and cylinder.
This tight fit is what makes the engine more efficient, and powerful.
ABN engines must be run in for best performance.
ARF
Almost Ready to Fly. A kit which is mostly pre-assembled, usually
requiring installation of few parts, engine, and radio gear.
Almost Ready to Fly name compares to a kit, which is a package
of parts which require assembly.
ATV
Adjustable Travel Volume. Used on many radio transmitters to
limit, or extend, maximum throw of a servo. ATV can indicate
having a single adjustment which affects both ends of the servo
(known as AST) or one adjustment for each end of the servo throw
(known as EPA).
Aerobatics
The act of performing 'acrobatic' or stunt manuevers in the
air such as loops, rolls, etc. For extensive information on aerobatics,
consider purchasing A Look at Aerobatics (GPMZ0220), written
by two-time U.S. National IMAC Aerobatic Freestyle Champion,
Mike Cross.
Aft
Towards the rear. Used such as: "...with an aft center of gravity....".
After Run Oil
A lubricant designed to displace unburned fuel in the engine
after running. The fuel can accelerate corrosion on some engine
parts. By using an after run oil, the fuel is displaced, and
a protective coating lines sensitive engine parts. This is an
inexpensive engine insurance, and promotes long engine life.
There are several good after run oils on the market.
Ailerons
Control surfaces usually on the wing, often near the tips.
Used to bank the aircraft. They work in opposite directions (when
one goes up, the other goes down.) One aileron raising forces
air to push that side of the wing down, causing the model to
roll in that direction. So, to roll right the right aileron raises.
They control the airplane around the roll axis.
Airfoil
The shape of the wing when looking at its profile. Usually
a raindrop type shape.
Amphibian
An aircraft that can fly off of water or land. The wheels retract
into the hull or floats, depending upon the type of aircraft.
An amphibian can land on water and then extend the landing gear
to allow it to pull up onto the shore. Many seaplane bases had
ramps to allow the airplanes to pull up onto dry land parking
areas.
Angle of Attack
The amount of pitch at which an airfoil is flying. By adjusting
the angle of attack, the efficiency of the wing/blade is effected.
More precisely, the angle between the chord of an airfoil and
the wind.
Area
The number of square inches (or feet) of the wing. It's the
wingspan multiplied by the wing's chord. The area of a tapered
wing is the wingspan multiplied by the average chord.
Aspect Ratio
The wingspan divided by the chord. Aspect ratio is important
where a wing's efficiency is concerned. A short aspect ratio
(short wings) is better for maneuvering, since it allows a high
roll rate. Short wings are also stronger than long wings. Gliders
use high-aspect ratio wings (long, skinny wings) because they
are more efficient for soaring flight. Example: 10 ft. wingspan
with a 1 ft. chord has an aspect ratio of 10.
Axis
The line around which a body rotates.
Ball Link
Connection using a ball, and a link which rotates on the ball.
Used to connect the servo to a control surface or lever.
Backlash
Term describing the amount of play between gears, or gear mesh.
If too loose, the gear can slip, or strip the teeth. Too tight,
and excessive wear is caused.
Barn Door Ailerons
Larger, built up ailerons rather than an aileron from a simple
strip of solid wood like some kits have.
Base Load Antenna
A rigid, short antenna mounted to the model. Used to replace
the longer receiver antenna.
Binding
What occurs when the friction at a joint is stronger than the
linkage.
Blade Balancer
Usually called a 'prop balancer' for aircraft. Used to ensure
that the propeller and spinner are equally balanced side-to-side
to avoid vibration problems.
Blade Strike
Term describing the event of a propeller blade hitting another
object. Although this can seem like a minor impact, the blades
should be carefully and thoroughly inspected, as structural integrity
is often compromised, producing an unsafe condition. If any question
remains, do not fly until the blades are replaced.
Boring holes in the sky
Having fun flying an R/C airplane, without any pre-determined
flight pattern.
Buddy Box
Training method utilizing two transmitter control boxes, linked
together. The trainer radio has override control, which the instructor
uses to take control when the trainee looses control, or becomes
disoriented.
CA Glue
Cyano-Acrylate glue. This adhesive is
a relatively fast-cure type, availablein various thicknesses
and cure times. (Similar
to "Super Glue".) There are many types used in model building.
Refer to owners manual of kit to determine if used.
CG
Center of Gravity. A measurement used when balancing blades,
as well as the model overall. Describes a central point in a
given body, where all weight is considered to be concentrated.
A central balance point.
Camber
If you draw a line through the center
of the airfoil that's exactly half-way between the top and
bottom surface, you get
the mean airfoil line. Depending upon the airfoil, it can be
straight or curved. This curve is called the "camber" of the
airfoil. If it has a lot of curve, the airfoil is said to be "highly-cambered".
Canard
The horizontal surface forward of the
wing used to control pitch. It's found on very few aircraft.
Also the word used to
describe aircraft that have a main wing and a horizontal control
surface in the nose...also called, "tail first" aircraft.
Carburetor
The part of the engine which controls the speed or throttle
setting and lean/rich mixture via setting of the needle valve.
Center of Pressure
An imaginary point on the chord of an airfoil where the total
of all aerodynamic forces are assumed to act.
Centrifugal Force
The force created by a body's tendency to to follow a straight
path working against a force which causes it to move in a curve,
the resultant force which pulls away from a central axis of rotation.
Chandelle
A very steep climbing turn where the
airplane makes a 180° change
of direction.
Channel
The frequency number used by the transmitter to send signals
to the receiver. If radios transmit on the same frequency, or
channel, glitching will occur in the active receiver on that
channel. This is due to conflicting signals sent by the two radios.
Flying sites should have a frequency control system to ensure
that only one radio operates on any given channel at one time.
This is usually a board with some type of marker for each channel.
If the marker is not available, someone else is using that channel.
Do not use your radio unless you are sure you are the only one
on the frequency.
Channel
The number of functions your radio can control. Ex: an 8 channel
radio has 8 available servo slots used for separate control surfaces
or switches. These channels can also be mixed on many radios,
for such functions as collective, which increases pitch when
throttle is increased.
Charge Jack
The plug receptacle of the switch harness into which the charger
is plugged to charge the airborne battery. An expanded scale
voltmeter (ESV) can also be plugged into it to check battery
voltage between flights. It is advisable to mount the charge
jack in an accessible area of the fuselage so an ESV can be used
without removing the wing.
Charger
Device used to recharge batteries and usually supplied with
the radio if NiCad batteries are included.
Chicken Stick
A hand-held stick used to flip start a model airplane engine.
Chord
The "depth" of the wing, its distance
from leading edge to trailing edge. One of the components used
to determine wing area.
May vary from root to tip.
Clunk
Term used to describe the weighted end of the fuel pickup line
in the fuel tank. The purpose of this is to ensure that the fuel
pickup is always in the fuel supply, even when inverted
Coning
This effect is the bending of the rotor or propeller blades
when stressed.
Control Surface
Any one of the various moveable portions of the wings, tail
surfaces, or canard.
Conventional Gear
The landing gear arrangement where the airplane has a main
gear and a tailwheel.
Cowl
The large molded fairing around an engine. It serves two purposes
when done right: It helps the airflow go smoothly around the
front of the airplane, and also provides a proper path for cooling
air around the engine.
Dead Stick
Slang term for a landing without engine
power. An example: "I
ran out of fuel at 50 feet and had to dead stick".
Dialed In
Slang term for the condition in which the model is set up to
fly smoothly and predictably. This is the state where the mechanics
and electronics work together to produce the best performance.
Dihedral
The V-shaped bend in the wing. Typically,
more dihedral causes more aerodynamic stability in an airplane,
and causes the rudder
to control both the roll and yaw axis. This is why some trainers
and sailplanes require only 3 channels of radio control—i.e.,
having no ailerons.
Ding
Minor dent or damage to the structure. Also, a nick in a prop.
Dinged props must be replaced.
Disk
Term describing the shape of the rotary wing or propeller formed
by the spinning blades.
Dorsal Fin
An extension of the vertical fin forward
of the main part of the fin, and against the fuselage. On the
top, or "dorsal" side
of the aircraft.
Down Thrust
Downward
angle of the engine relative to the centerline of the airplane.
Down thrust helps overcome the normal climbing
tendency caused by the torque of the engine.
Drag
The air resistance to forward motion. Drag can be increased
with the use of certain types of devices installed on the aircraft,
such as spoilers, airbrakes, or flaps. Old-style aircraft with
lots of supporting wires had very large amounts of drag, while
modern aircraft such as military jets, have very low drag.
Dual Rates
Radio function used to adjust control sensitivity.
Electric Starter
A hand-held electric motor used for starting a model airplane
engine. Usually powered by a 12-volt battery.
Elevator
Pitch control. Causes the model to raise or lower its nose,
resulting in a climbing or diving response. Moving the elevator
down causes the tail to rise, pushing the nose down and causing
the model to dive. Moving the elevator up causes the tail to
drop, raising the nose in reference to the tail (as if you were
sitting in the aircraft).
Empennage
The vertical and horizontal tail surfaces of an airplane.
Engine
The methanol or gasoline fueled power plant used in a model.
Two or four-stroke gasoline and glow engines are very popular
in aircraft. Four-stroke engines tend to turn higher diameter
lower pitch props, and therefore tend to be used in applications
requiring more torque and less speed response.
Epoxy
A two-part resin/hardener glue that is extremely strong. It
is generally available in 6- and 30-minute formulas. Used for
critical points in the aircraft where high strength is necessary.
Expanded Scale Voltmeter (ESV)
Device used to read the battery voltage of the on- board battery
pack or transmitter battery pack.
Exponential
This radio function allows the modeler to adjust the sensitivity
of the control towards the center. This will make the small stick
motions very precise, while longer stick movement moves the servo
arm at a proportional rate.
FM
Frequency Modulation. This describes the mode of transmission
of radio signal from transmitter to receiver.
Failsafe
A PCM function which moves servos to a pre programmed position
if transmitter signal is lost or corrupted.
Fairing
A shaped area used to smooth out, streamline,
or "fair", the
joint between two members of an airplane. A wing fairing joins
the wing and fuselage. A landing gear fairing streamlines the
landing gear struts, and wheel fairings (wheel "pants") streamline
the bulky shape of the wheels.
Field Charger
A fast battery charger designed to work from a 12-volt power
source, such as a car battery.
"Figure 9"
Can be an "official" competition maneuver,
or a badly-done loop. When the model flies over the top of
a loop and picks up
too much speed, the momentum prevents it from maintaining a loop's
round shape.
Fin, Vertical Fin
The fixed portion of the vertical tail surface.
Flaps
Hinged control surface located at the trailing edge of the
wing inboard of the ailerons. The flaps are lowered to produce
more aerodynamic lift from the wing, allowing a slower takeoff
and landing speed. Flaps are often found on scale models, but
usually not on basic trainers.
Flare
The point during the landing approach in which the pilot gives
an increased amount of up elevator to smooth the touchdown of
the airplane.
Flight Box
A special box used to hold and transport all equipment used
at the flying field.
Flight Pack or Airborne Pack
All of the radio equipment installed in the airplane, i.e.,
Receiver, Servos, Battery, Switch harness.
Floats
Long, canoe-shaped structures that allow
an airplane to land on water. They are not a part of the aircraft
structure, but
suspended below the fuselage on struts. Also called "Pontoons".
Flutter
A phenomenon whereby the elevator or
aileron control surface begins to oscillate violently in flight.
This can sometimes cause
the surface to break away from the aircraft and cause a crash.
There are many reasons for this, but the most common are excessive
hinge gap or excessive "slop" in the pushrod connections and
control horns. If you ever hear a low-pitched buzzing sound,
reduce throttle and land immediately.
Flying Boat
The type of aircraft where the fuselage has the lower portion
shaped like a power boat. The plane lands on water directly onto
the fuselage. There may be small floats suspended from the wings
to keep the plane level when it's in the water.
Fore, Forward
Towards the front. Used such as: "...the forward edge of the
rib...", or as in: "...with fore and aft movement...."
Frequency Control
The FCC has allowed the 72MHz (72.010 - 72.990) band to be
used for R/C aircraft operations. This band is divided up into
many different channels in which you can choose a radio system.
You should be aware that certain areas have frequencies in which
there is pager interference. This is why it is always a wise
move to check with your local hobby shop to find out any channels
that may be troublesome in the area you wish to fly. The FCC
has allowed band 75MHz (75.410 through 75.990) for ground model
use only (robots, battlebots, cars, boats), 50MHz (50.800 - 50.980)
is allocated only to Amateur HAM license holders for R/C use
(and only at 1W maximum power output.)
Fuel
The methanol/nitromethane/lubricant mix used to fuel model
engines.
Fuse
Fuselage, main body
Fuselage
The body of an airplane.
Gain
Gyro sensitivity. When too low, the tail will not hold position
well. When too high, the surface being dampened by the gyro will
tend to wag, or hunt for center.
Gasser
Slang for a model using a gasoline engine as a power plant.
Glitch
Momentary radio problem that never happens unless you are over
trees or a swamp.
Glow Fuel
A Methanol based fuel, with a lubricating agent, used in most
model engines. Most model fuels also use a percentage of nitromethane.
Glow Heater
This is used to heat the element in a glow plug, and is used
when starting the model engine. AKA Ni-Starter.
Glow Plug
This is the plug that is used to help ignite the fuel in a
model engine. The combustion of the fuel in the engine keeps
the element hot between cycles, thus the glow plug does not need
to be regulated or powered while the engine is running.
Ground Effect
The cushion of air that the model rides on when close to the
ground. This will decrease the amount of elevator needed to maintain
a constant altitude when near the ground/landing.
Gyro
A mechanical or electronic device which helps to stabilize
the orientation of the model by sensing rotation, and moving
the appropriate servo to compensate. This device can be used
on any axis, but is most frequently used on rudder and elevator,
typically used to aid in 3D and precision flying.
Header Tank
This is a small fuel tank used in line between the main tank
and the carburetor. The purpose of the header tank is to ensure
that the fuel fed to the carb is free of bubbles, which can be
caused by foaming, or by the clunk falling away from fuel during
complex maneuvers.
Heading Hold
This describes a type of Gyro which senses rotation, and maintains
direction. This is accomplished by sensing the rate of motion,
and the time of motion, then compensating for the distance. While
this sounds complicated, the effect is that if you have the model
dialed in, and point the nose north, with a heading hold gyro
on the yaw axis the model will continue to face north until you
command it to yaw. See also Heading Lock. (not recommended for
aircraft use while in flight due to the requirement to use YAW
(rudder) command to turn the model. Often used for ground use
only for perfect take off and landing runs.)
Heading Lock
Slang term for Heading Hold Gyro.
Hit (or to be hit)
Sudden radio interference which causes your model to fly in
an erratic manner. Most often caused by someone turning on a
radio that is on your frequency, but can be caused by other radio
sources miles away.
Horizontal Stabilizer
The horizontal tail surface at the back of the fuselage which
provides aerodynamic pitch stability to the airplane.
Hot Start
An engine which has been running will tend to remain hot for
a short time. During this period, it is possible to restart the
engine by turning the crankshaft without the glow plug being
plugged in to a glow starter. This is something to be aware of,
as it could possibly create an unsafe condition.
Hover
A 3D manuever. The art of flying without moving, also known
as a 'hanger'. The aircraft is pointing straight upward, hanging
solely on the thrust from the propeller. The model may be drifting
horizontally with the wind but should not climb or dive.
Hydraulic Lock
Hydraulic lock happens when the engine becomes flooded with
fuel, to the point where the piston cannot compress it in the
combustion chamber. This can result in engine damage if the crankshaft
is forced through a rotation without relieving the pressure.
To cure, remove the glow plug, and pour out the excess fuel.
Immelmann
A maneuver originally used to reverse direction in combat.
The airplane noses up and over onto its back. It then rolls upright
and continues in the direction opposite to the original direction.
It was invented by the World War I German pilot Max Immelmann,
whose airplane could perform the maneuver, and other's couldn't.
It got him out of a lot of trouble in combat until the Allied
aircraft designs caught-up and allowed their planes to perform
the maneuver, too.
Incidence
The angle of one portion of a model when compared to another
portion of the model. For example, if the stabilizer is perfectly
parallel to the ground and the leading edge of the wing points
up 2 degrees when compared to the stabilizer, the wing has a
2 degree positive incidence when compared to the stabilizer.
Up or down thrust angle are also called engine incidence. Having
these 3 measurements in proper relation to one another affects
how well the model flies, particularly on vertical lines. An
improper engine-to-wing incidence often results in a model which
cannot be trimmed on pitch because at higher throttle the engine
is pulling the model upward and at lower throttle it is pulling
the model downward, or vice versa.
Incidence Meter
Used to measure the angle of attack of an airfoil.
Intake
An air inlet on an aircraft. You can
have a carburetor intake, cooling intake, air conditioning
intake (on full-size aircraft),
and so on. Named because it "takes in" air, and because "intake" is
a better-sounding word than "takesin".
Inverted
Flying upside down. Note that elevator and rudder seem to work
backward from the ground, as elevator, aileron and rudder inputs
are all based upon the model's orientation (as if you were sitting
inside).
Kit
A Kit describes an unassembled model, arrives as packages of
parts which must be assembled, as opposed to an ARF, or Almost
Ready to Fly, which is mostly pre assembled.
LE
Leading edge (front)
Landing Gear
The assemblies that include the wheels
and the wheel struts. The word "gear" is used in the sense of "equipment", as opposed
to the "toothed wheel" meaning of "gear". The British call the
landing gear the "undercarriage".
Landing Skid
The rail type landing gear used on some models which have no
wheels.
Leading Edge (LE)
The very front edge of the wing or stabilizer. This is the
edge that hits the air first.
Lean
Refers to carburetor setting. When an engine is run too lean
it will overheat, causing damage, and likely an in flight engine
failure. Tuning a carburetor is best accomplished by starting
rich, and working gradually to the condition which produces maximum
power, while allowing a small amount of unburned fuel mixture
to lubricate and cool the engine.
Lean Run
This happens when an engine develops a lean condition. Possible
causes are improper tuning, improper fuel choice, fuel foaming
due to excessive vibration, or a leak developing in the fuel
delivery system. The air in the fuel line will cause the engine
to run lean.
LG
Landing gear
Loading
The load placed on the airfoil of a flying machine. In the
case of an aircraft, this would be wing loading. Typically found
by dividing the weight of the model by the total area of the
main wing(s). Note that wing loading is only a good comparison
between models of the same size. Larger models appear to have
a far higher wing loading while displaying similar flight characteristics.
Loop
A vertical circle in the air. The plane noses up, keeps rotating
until it's on its back, and then comes down and around to describe
a vertical circle in the air.
Lubricant
The agent used to aid in the reduction of friction between
two parts. This term is used for many substances, which in turn
are used in many different ways. They are all, however, used
to reach the same objective, that being the reduction of wear
between parts. In the case of engine fuel, the lubricant is added
to the fuel at the factory in many cases. This might be castor,
a synthetic, or a blend. The percentage of lubricant required
in the fuel will depend on the type of fuel, the engine, and
the model requirement.
Main Gear
Also Main Landing Gear. The large, heavy-duty landing gear
struts and wheels that support most of the weight of the airplane.
They are usually under the wing or under the fuselage near the
center of the aircraft. Any other landing gear struts and wheels
are noticeably smaller.
Midrange
The power band of an engine between idle and full throttle.
Mixing
Radios with mixing will take two or more controls and mix their
output in relation to stick input. The number of channels that
can be mixed, and the precision of the mixing curve, or number
of curve points, will depend on the transmitter used.
Mixture
Fuel to air mixture is determined by the needle valve on the
engine carburetor.
Motor
Any electric motor used in the model. Examples are the servo
motors, which move the servo arms, and thus the control surfaces.
There are also kits which use electric motors in place of the
engine for quieter, cleaner flight.
MPH
Speed in Miles Per Hour. Like RPM, MPH is both singular and
plural. You can go 1 MPH or 100 MPH. You don't go 100 MPH's.
Needle Valve
This is used to tune the fuel to air mixture on the engine
carburetor. On most engines, the needle is turned clockwise to
lean the mixture, and counterclockwise to richen.
NiCad (or NiCd) = Nickel Cadmium battery
Rechargeable batteries which are typically used as power for
radio transmitters and receivers.
Nitro
Abbreviation for nitromethane. The addition of nitromethane
in fuel provides more power, and a smoother idle, thus making
the engine easier to tune. The nitro also makes an engine require
more careful tuning, therefore, the amount of nitro added to
a fuel results in a tradeoff. Common nitro mixes vary from 0%
to 30% and beyond.
Nitromethane
The addition of nitromethane in fuel provides more power, and
a smoother idle, thus making the engine easier to tune. The nitro
also makes an engine require more careful tuning, however, to
avoid overheating. Common nitro mixes range from 0% (FAI fuel)
to 30%.
Nose
The front portion of a model's fuselage.
Nose Gear
The strut and wheel that's under the nose of some aircraft.
PCM
Pulse Code Modulation. A modified FM signal used in high end
radios. The signal is coded by the transmitter, resulting in
a cleaner signal.
PPM
Pulse Position Modulation. Another term for FM.
Peak
This is the point at which a battery will no longer accept
a charge, and converts the energy to heat. This is damaging to
the battery pack, and potentially hazardous.
Peak Charger
This type of charger will eliminate the guesswork. When the
battery has reached peak, the charger reverts to a maintenance
charge rate, which will not damage the pack.
Pitch
Describes the fore and aft attitude of the model. (Nose high
or low in comparison to the ground.) Controlled by the elevator(s).
Pitch Axis
The airplane axis controlled by the elevator. Pitch is illustrated
by holding the airplane at each wingtip. Raising or lowering
the nose is the pitch movement. This is how the climb or dive
is controlled.
Ply
Plywood
Pontoons
See Floats.
Power Panel
12-volt distribution panel that provides correct voltage for
accessories like glow-plug clips, fuel pumps and electric starters.
Usually mounted on a field box and connected to a 12-volt battery.
Prop Balancer
Device designed to aid in the balancing of model airplane propellers.
Pull-Pull
A linkage set up using two rods or wires. One is pulled for
one direction, the other is pulled for the other.
Push-Pull
A linkage set up using two rods. One rod pushes, while the
other pulls.
Receiver (Rx)
The radio unit in the airplane which receives the transmitter
signal and relays the control to the servos. This is somewhat
similar to the radio you may have in your family automobile,
except the radio in the airplane perceives commands from the
transmitter, while the radio in your car perceives music from
the radio station.
Reflex
If a wing has an airfoil that curves
down from the high point, and then curves back up, it's said
to be "reflexed". Reflex is
the size of that reverse curve.
Resonance
This is the vibration frequency of a rotating or moving object.
When the resonance of many parts of a machine are in synch, the
whole machine will vibrate at a greater rate. This can cause
vibration damage. Resonance can cause difficulties in an aircraft,
particularly when using a vibration mount with an improperly
balanced propeller/spinner wherein the engine is vibrating at
one frequency and the propeller at another.
Retract Servo
Specifically used for mechanical retracts.
It is a non-proportional servo which only moves 180 degrees.
That is to say this servo
is either "off" (gear up and fully locked) or "on" (gear down
and fully locked). No ATV, EPA, or AST adjustments can be made
on these servos because they are not proportional. The linkage
must be set up properly to allow this servo to operate at its
full range and do its job — securing your model's landing gear
in a gear-up or gear-down position.
Retracts
Short for retractable landing gear. Wheels and struts that
fold up into the airplane to get them out of the airstream and
present less resistance to the airflow.
Right Thrust
Right
yaw angle of the engine relative to the centerline of the airplane.
Right thrust helps overcome the normal yaw tendency
caused by the torque of the engine.
Ringed
An engine which uses a piston with a piston ring. Compare to
ABC or ABN. Best used in dusty environments, a ringed engine
is less susceptible to damage from contaminants in the fuel/air
mixture, but does not provide the higher compression ratio of
the ABC/ABN engines.
Roll (maneuver)
The airplane keeps the nose pointed in one direction while
it rolls over on its back and then upright again.
Roll Axis
The airplane axis controlled by the ailerons. Roll is illustrated
by holding the airplane by the nose and tail. Dropping either
wingtip is the roll movement. This is used to bank or turn the
airplane. Many aircraft are not equipped with ailerons and the
Roll and Yaw motions are controlled by the rudder. This is one
reason why most trainer aircraft have a larger amount of dihedral.
RPM
Revolutions Per Minute. How fast something turns. It is both
singular and plural. An engine can turn one RPM, or 10,000 RPM,
NEVER 10,000 RPM's.
Rudder
The moveable portion of the vertical tail surface. The rudder
controls the airplane around the yaw axis.
Rx
Abbreviation for receiver.
Seaplane
An airplane that has floats, or pontoons, attached to allow
it to land on water.
Servo
The radio component which does the work of moving a control
surface.
Servo Output Arm
The removable arm or wheel which bolts to the output shaft
of a servo and connects to the pushrod.
Shot down
A "hit" that results in a crash landing.
Sometimes caused by radios miles away.
Simulator
A computer program which uses a modified radio transmitter,
and a graphic depiction of a model and flying area. This is used
to give model pilots a feel for flying, without the risk of a
crash. The simulator can be used by the newcomer to learn to
take off/hover/forward flight/landings, or by the expert to dial
in that new 3D routine without crashing a very expensive 3D model.
Skid
The rail type landing gear used on many helicopter and some
aircraft models.
Slats
Moveable surfaces on the leading edge of the wing that help
airflow in low-speed flight. They enable the wing to fly at lower
airspeeds than without them by directing the airflow over the
wing and preventing separation of the airflow. Basically, they
are retractable slots. All modern jetliners have slats, which
open when landing flaps are lowered. Some aircraft intended for
very short takeoff and landing have slats that open and close
automatically, depending upon airspeed and angle of attack.
Slip
A maneuver where the airplane's controls are used to make the
fuselage fly at an angle to the line of flight. This causes a
tremendous increase in drag, and allows an airplane without landing
flaps to increase its angle of descent without picking up a lot
of speed.
Slop
Slop occurs when a control surfaces movement does not move
the servo. Common cause is a worn linkage point or poor linkage
setup.
Slot
A specially-shaped slot in the wing just
behind the leading edge. This directs airflow from below to
the top of the wing,
and helps low-speed flight by delaying the stall. Because they
are permanently-mounted, they do add drag. See also "Slats"
Slow Roll
A very slow version of the roll.
Snap Roll
A type of rolling maneuver that is very quick and violent.
It's basically a spin where the flight path is in any direction
chosen by the pilot. Improper speed control during a landing
approach can also make the model snap over on one wing and enter
a spin. Since it's close to the ground, there's not enough room
to recover, and a crash results.
Solo
Your first totally unassisted flight that results in a controlled
landing.
Span, also "Wingspan"
The widest straight-line distance between the two wingtips.
Speed Brakes
Large panels that fold out of the aircraft structure to provide
a lot of extra drag to the air. They are not part of the wing
structure, but are usually mounted on the fuselage. Military
jets most often have speed brakes, which fold out of the fuselage.
Some airliners use spoilers as speed brakes when at altitude.
Spin
A maneuver where one wing is stalled and the other is still
flying. This causes the airplane to rotate around its middle
while it descends at a high rate of speed. When it's done on
purpose, it is a precision maneuver, with the pilot trying to
get the airplane to rotate an exact number of turns from entry
to exit. When it's done accidentally, it can easily result in
a crash. Many models crash when the pilot enters an accidental
spin too close to the ground. This is caused by improper speed
control during the landing approach.
Spinner
The bullet-shaped fairing on the nose of the airplane around
the propeller. This smooths the airflow around the propeller
hub and also makes the airplane look much better.
Split-S
Basically a reverse Immelmann. The airplane
rolls onto its back, and then the nose comes down to finish
a 1/2-loop. The
direction of flight is changed 180°.
Spoiler(s)
Control surfaces on the wing that destroy
lift. They "spoil" it.
They are used on sail-planes because they can steepen the very
flat glide of the aircraft, which makes landings much easier.
On full-size aircraft, spoilers are also used to kill lift on
landing to make sure the airplane is firmly on the ground. They
also add a lot of drag to help with aerodynamic braking.
Stab
Horizontal stabilizer, 'smaller wing'
Stabilizer
A surface which increases the stability of a model. Most aircraft
have two stabilizers, the horizontal (stab) and vertical (fin),
which are mounted on the tail. The stabilizers help the model
overcome the rotational forces caused by the engine.
Stall
When the air flowing over the wing cannot
produce enough lift to support the weight of the model, it's
called a "stall". This
can happen if the modeler flies too slowly, or if the wing is
at a too-high angle to the incoming airflow. If the wing is at
a too-high angle to the incoming airflow, then it cannot flow
over the wing properly to develop lift.
Stall Turn
The maneuver in which the model is flown to a point at which
the rotor disk/main wing is vertical, reaches an apex/stalls,
then is turned about the yaw axis to continue in a nose forward/down
attitude, then is returned to horizontal flight.
Strut
Basically this is a supporting member. A wing strut supports
the wing, and goes from the fuselage to the wing. Cabane struts
are on biplanes, and support the upper wing over the fuselage.
A landing gear strut is the portion that holds the wheel assembly
to the airplane, and away from the wing or fuselage.
Sub-Trim
This is a trim function on many computer radios, allowing trim
function during set-up, and still allowing the full trim function
in flight.
Tachometer
An optical sensor designed specifically to count light impulses
through a turning propeller and read out the engine RPM.
Taildragger
The nickname of an airplane that sits on its tail with the
two main wheels in front and a tailwheel in the rear.
Tailskid
On old World War I type aircraft, or pioneer-type aircraft,
there was no tailwheel. A wooden skid was used to support the
tail of the airplane. While this helps slow the airplane during
landing, it is useless as an aid to steering on the ground. The
real aircraft with tailskids had to be maneuvered on the ground
by ground crews, who put the tail on a small cart and towed the
airplane where they wanted it. For small distances, the tail
was picked-up by hand and the airplane pushed into position by
the ground crew.
Tailwheel
The small wheel at the tail of the airplane. This is found
on the type of airplane that has the two large wheels in the
front, and the small one in the rear. The airplane sits on its
tail.
TE
Trailing edge (rear)
Throttle
The control that allows the pilot to
change the speed of the engine. In a car, the "gas pedal" is
actually the throttle control for the car.
Throttle Curve
The programming function of the radio which allows throttle
operation to be adjusted to meet the modeler's specific needs
at various points along the throttle movement. Particularly useful
with 2-stroke engines in providing linear throttle response at
the various points of throttle application.
Thrust
The forward force provided by the airplane's engine. This is
the force that drives the airplane forward.
Torque
The force which tends to cause rotation.
TR
Abbreviation for Torque Roll, a 3D manuever which begins as
a hover and the torque of the engine/propeller rotates the model
in a counterclockwise direction without any aileron (roll) inputs.
Trainer Airplane
A model designed to be inherently stable and fly at low speeds,
to give first-time modelers time to think and react as they learn
to fly.
Trailing Edge (TE)
The rearmost edge of the wing or stabilizer.
Transmitter (Tx)
The hand-held radio controller. This is the unit that sends
out the commands that you input.
Tricycle Gear
The landing gear arrangement where the airplane has main gear
and a nose gear.
Tx
Abbreviation for transmitter.
Undercamber
This means that the lower surface of the wing has a hollow
curve when observed from front to back. A thin wing with a high
camber will be undercambered.
Ventral Fin
A small vertical surface on the bottom of the aft fuselage.
Usually a long, slim triangle that is narrow at the front, and
widens toward the rear. It usually ends at the rudder hinge line.
Washout
The twist in an airfoil which causes less angle of attack at
the tips than the root. Increases stability of the model at slow
speeds as the wing tips will stall after the center of the wing,
avoiding accidental tip stalls.
Weathervane
This describes the tendency to point into the wind. Stabilizers
on a model result in its desire to weathervane.
Wheel Pants
The large fairings used to streamline
the wheels of an aircraft that has non-retracting, or "fixed" landing gear (so-called because
it's "fixed" in place).
Windsock
This can be used to describe a number of devices, all of which
give a visual clue to the direction and speed of wind in a given
location.
Wing
The main lifting surface of an airplane.
Wing Loading
This is the amount of weight per square
foot that has to be overcome to provide lift. It is normally
expressed in ounces
per square foot. This specification can be easily calculated
as follows: If you know the square inches of the wing, simply
divide by 144 to obtain square feet. Divide the total weight
(in ounces) of the airplane by the wing area (in square feet).
This information is valuable when deciding on which airplane
to build next. Planes with high wing loading numbers must fly
faster to stay in the air. These are generally "performance" airplanes.
Conversely, planes with lower numbers do not need as much air
flowing around the wing to keep it flying. Trainers are designed
to have low wing loading because slow, efficient flight is desired.
Wing Root
The centerline of the wing, where the left and right wing panels
are joined.
Winglet
A small vertical surface at the tips of the wings. They help
direct the turbulent airflow that all wings have at the tips.
They makes the wings more efficient.
Yaw
The nose-left and nose-right movement of the airplane. This
is controlled by the rudder.
Yaw Axis
The airplane axis controlled by the rudder. Yaw is illustrated
by hanging the airplane level by a wire located at the center
of gravity. Left or right movement of the nose is the Yaw movement.
Yaw Rate
The rate of movement about the vertical axis of a model.
Z-Bend
A type of linkage point using a bend in the control rod which
resemble a Z.
